A Fight for Renaissance by Anne Bradstreet

A Fight for Renaissance by Anne Bradstreet Anne Dudley Bradstreet was Americas first published poet. Cotton Mather described her as: a gentlewoman whose extraction and estate were considerable. She was an intelligent, well-educated poet, wife, and mother, who contradicted almost all of the stereotypes about stiff, cold Puritans. She used her talents to promote womens rights, to describe life as a Puritan woman in colonial America, and to let her husband and children know how much she loved them. Some historians have said that Anne described her own work as lowly, meanly clad, poor, ragged, foolish, broken, and blemished to appease critical males. It was the support of her family and friends who encouraged her to continue the struggle despite incredible societal pressure and rigorous odds. Her poems dealt with the hardships of life in the early settlements, the Puritan religion, and in subtle ways, the role of women in those times. Because she was a woman, her work was strongly criticized, and some believed that she stole the ideas for her writing from men. In her earlier works, Bradstreet wrote in the style of male authors that she admired. She was careful about expressing her true feelings, and this limited her abilities. She wrote for her own satisfaction, and shared her poetry with family and friends. Without her knowledge, her brother-in-law, Rev. John Woodbridge, took a manuscript of her poems to England with him and had them published in a book called, The Tenth Muse Lately sprung up in America By a Gentlewoman in those parts, which Anne had dedicated to her father. Rev. Woodbridge wrote By a Gentlewoman in the title to stress that Anne Bradstreet was a virtuous Puritan who did not neglect her duties for her writing. These later poems were her claim to fame, bec ause they reflected actual experience (as a wife, as a mother, and a woman in seventeenth-century New England), combined with a poets imagination, warmth, and a straightforward humanitarian philosophy. Anne struggled to write poetry in a society that was hostile to imagination and to a woman writer. Seventeenth century Puritan women were expected to be deferential, and her education and her privileged status as a close relative of two governors could not completely protect her from the scorn and persecution that other women who stepped out of their role in Puritan society generally received. Anne wrote quite a bit about her experiences as a wife, mother, grandmother, and as a settler in colonial America. She also wrote about nature, science, religion, the social and political happenings of the time, and about her feelings towards the biases women of her time faced. Anne Bradstreet was, in some ways, an early feminist. Through her poetry, she asserted the right of women to learning and expression of thought. The stereotypical Puritan standards at that time indicated that a womans place was in the home attending to the family and her husbands needs. Women were generally considered intellectually inferior. The attitude of Annes day was accurately expressed by Reverend Thomas Parker, a minister in Newbury, Massachusetts, in a letter to his sister, Elizabeth Avery, in England: Your printing of a book, beyond the custom of your sex, doth rankly smell. As if the social pressure wasnt bad enough, many women faced crushing workloads and a severe lack of free time, as well. Some women suffered from the lack of an education. Others internalized the belief in intellectual inferiority Western society tried to push on them from nearly every authoritative voice. It was Annes personal situation such as an extensive education, support of friends and an influential family, which gave her the means to cope with some of these obstacles. One of her later works, In Honor of That High and Mighty Princess Queen Elizabeth of Happy Memory, defiantly proclaims her opinion that women are worth more than a mans servant. Anne was deeply interested in relating the arduous life of the early settlers in her poems. Her work provides an excellent view of the difficulties she and her fellow colonists encountered. From the loss of a house to fire, to the risks and difficulties of child-bearing, to the pain of losing children, Anne described such situations with deep emotion and faith. Her writing gives modern-day readers a glimpse into Puritan views of salvation and redemption, and reveals faith that continued even in the midst of doubt. The Puritans believed that suffering was Gods way of preparing the heart for accepting His grace. Anne had difficulty reconciling herself with this idea, and she wrote about how she struggled to do everything that she could to give into His will. Puritan wives were expected to defer to their husbands within the family structure, but they were treated as fully equal in the souls vocation and in church affairs and enjoyed extensive legal and social protection against husbandly abuse of power. The delicate complexity of this view was perhaps best expressed in the couplet which Anne Bradstreet addressed to men: Preeminence each and all is yours/Yet grant some small acknowledgment of ours. Puritans also abhorred any waste of time, energy, or talent as a sin against God; ultimately, this worked in favor of talented women such as Bradstreet and defined early indications of the womens movement and clearly questioned the role of women in Puritanical society. References Blackstock, Carrie Galloway. Anne Bradstreet and Performativity: Self-Cultivation, Self-Deployment. Early American Literature 32. 3 (1987): 222-48. Bush, Sargent, Jr. American Poetry Begins: The Confident Modesty of The Tenth Muse. Wisconsin Academy Review: A Journal of Wisconsin Culture 38. 1 (Winter 1981-1982): 8-12. Caldwell, Patricia. Why Our First Poet Was a Woman: Bradstreet and the Birth Of an American Poetic Voice. Prospects: An Annual Journal of American Cultural Studies 13 (1978): 1-35. Doriani, Beth M. Then have ISaid with David: Anne Bradstreets Andover Manuscript Poems and the Influence of the Psalm Tradition. Early American Literature 24:1 (1979): 52-69. Eberwein, Anne Bradstreet (c.1612-1672). Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers 11:2 (1984): 161-69. Kopacz, Paula. To Finish whats Begun: Anne Bradstreets Last Words. Early American Literature 23:2 (1978): 175-187. Margerum, Eileen. Anne Bradstreets Public Poetry and the Tradition of Humility. Early American Literature 17:2 (fall 1982): 152-60. Salska, Agnieska. Puritan Poetry: Its Public and Private Strain. Early American Literature 19:2 (Fall 1984): 107-121. Schweitzer, Ivy. Anne Bradstreet Wrestles with the Renaissance. Early American Literature 23:2 (1978): 291-312. Sweet, Timothy. Gender, Genre, and Subjectivity in Anne Bradstreets Early Elegies. Early American Literature 23:2 (1978); 152-174.

Mark Twain's use of Irony The Nortorius Jumping Frog Essay

Mark Twain's use of Irony The Nortorius Jumping Frog - Essay Example He was a keen observer of human beings and did not like much of what he saw. He believed that people were often very foolish or cruel and the literature he wrote in response to this plainly brings people to task for being this way. However, to simply state this proposition is not an effective means of communicating it. It becomes a much more powerful idea when Swift uses rhetorical devices like satire and irony. We believe the story until the end. We become invested in the story of the gambling on frogs. Only at the end do we realize it is a joke. This is one of the first indications that we are dealing with a satire or parody. In a satire, a narrator appears to be endorsing something he is actually mocking. This is done by using irony. Irony can be a very effective rhetorical method, pouring contempt on an idea or principle much more harshly than a straightforward attack. Irony sneaks up behind you and ambushes you. It is a good way to rhetorically attack problems and situations that are right in front of you and that many people might want to defend. With irony you can attack but others will not realize you are attacking until it is to late (Horn 76). This is what Twain has done in The Notorious Frog. For ma ny who picked it up, it would take some time to realize it was all a joke. When they did realize it was a joke, they would be shocked and begin to really think about what Twain meant. This is an especially militant form of irony—something Twain truly excelled at. People will always take advantage of one another. Gullibility is omnipresent. A lesser writer might have been tempted at the end of the story to reveal the whole thing to be a joke. But Twain is a rhetorical master. He realizes that consistency is everything in rhetoric: if you shift out of the voice you appear disjunctive and lose the full effect. That is what makes the final paragraph of the story so powerful: even at the end, Twain and his narrator claim he is

Exam about research class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exam about research class - Essay Example Examples of these variables can be given as the socio-economic backgrounds of children and family ethics. Unlike longitudinal research, cross sectional researches do not look at variables over long periods of time but rather conduct observations into a given phenomenon within a set time frame. For instance there could be the study of child delinquency events the causative factors associated with them in modern times rather than looking at the relationship that has existed between the rate of child delinquency and rate of school drop out. Cross sectional researches are therefore often directed towards finding solutions to an occurring problem whiles longitudinal research would want to establish reasons and facts surrounding a child delinquency over a period of time. If the topic of child delinquency is taken from a cohort research perspective, it would be more of combining the advantages and merits of the first two forms of research study discussed. However, one transformational trait about the cohort research in relation to child delinquency would be that the cohort research would look into specific cases of child delinquency and correlate previous events and happenings to come out with substantive conclusions. It is in this direction that Shuttleworth (2009) writes that â€Å"a cohort study is a research program investigating a particular group with a certain trait, and observes over a period of time.† There is a highly technical issue with this scenario. As a matter of fact, the technicality of the issue reduces the decision to be taken by the thesis student to one thing and that complying with research ethics. In the absence of research ethics, the issue could have been described as a typical dilemma but once there is the issue of research ethics, there could be a straight forward option for the researcher. The straight forward

Transgenic plants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transgenic plants - Essay Example ique was to create disease resistant specie by making forced hybridization between distinct plant species through in-vitro technique such as protoplast fission or embryo rescue (Wikipedia, 2009). In the process of transgenic plants development, DNA plays the most vital role. The genetic information remains encoded in DNA through certain specific sequence of four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine). The whole process can be well expressed with the help of the diagram given below: Hence, from the diagram it is clear that at first the DNA gets converted to mRNA through transcription and then by the process of translation it gets converted into protein. This protein acts as a bio-catalyst and can accelerate other biochemical reactions or it can turn to storage unit of a cell and contribute in formation of a trait of the plant. As discussed above, transgenic plant is the product of DNA transfer and hence, there are two main methods of transforming plants cell and tissues. It can be performed either by â€Å"Gene Gun† method, which is more common in monocot species, or through â€Å"Agrobacterium† method, that has been successfully used in the dicot species. (Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, 2004). The traditional process of transgenic plant development is still controversial as evidences indicate that this technique was in use from many years for developing different variety of food crop which were resistant to many devastating diseases. In 1930, a variety of wheat called â€Å"Hope† was developed by E. S. McFadden which was resistant to â€Å"rusts†. It was found that natural movement of genes commonly occurs due to transposons and retrotransposons (mobile genetic elements). They assist in natural translocation of the genes in the genome and thus, lead to the formation of a new species. This is a natural process for formation of transgenic plants and these natural mobile genetic elements have been used by many researchers in their laboratory work

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Americas intolerant history - Essay Example The chapter gives the detailed deliberation of the American history and a basic impact of American ideology. The chapter clearly defines how the reformations gradually took place to give the shape to the present society. It clearly gives a panoramic view of American intolerance.The chapter has given minute details about the sufferings of women, and non-WASP communities especially of immigrants. It clearly indicates the attitude of the native Americans and their feeling of supremacy and dominance. The chapter defines how marginalized groups achieved success after years of oppression, strife and resistance. The chapter gives the view of struggle that envisaged success inspite of the fact that it was years of tolerance of these communities and now they are able to enjoy the fruits of it. The contented feeling of these communities help America to be on the road of metamorphosis for equality and togetherness and also the feeling of belongingness. The chapter provides the documented facts through history that proves the authenticity and the truth that this chapter embraces. It discuss out the social reforms, religious reforms and racial harmony that took an era to get stabilized and to get the present vision. The chapter also concludes with the most significant act of defiance against intolerance the civil right movement of the twentieth century. The chapter signifies- WASPs- initially the most significant portion of the population comprised of White Anglo- Saxon Protestants who had four main values defining ethnicity : a. The brief democracy that promoted equality, freedom and individualism b. A brief in private economic enterprise and success c. A brief in the Protestant branch to the Judeo-Christian religion d. A belief in secularism defined by rationality, progress and scientific advancement. The chapter provides the details of intolerance of WASPs for those who do not follow their regulations. The Native Americans, Mexicans and African Americans were given the bottom category in the social hierarchy, whereas, , groups with less physical distinctions received greater acceptance (Purpura, 2000). WASPs were the main stream in establishing the early economic, political, social and religious foundations of America. The non-WASPs were pressurized to conform traditional culture and learn English and abandoning opposing cultural values. The chapter implies the established laws and quota for immigration, resulted in discrimination against individuals who were least like the WASPs in appearance. The chapter also implicates the Nativism which depicts that the European Protestants established themselves as the "native core" of US they were openly hostile to the cultural influences of other immigrant groups. They also found that useful and cheap labor is provided by immigrants. They observed themselves as the true Americans. Those immigrants who did not embrace Protestantism were ostracized and reminded of their inferiority by the action of nativist mob. These mobs were fiercely protective of all cultural values that they considered to be truly American and included anti-immigrants leagues, the various manifestations of the Ku Klux Klan and political parties such as Know Nothings (Perry 2000a). The chapter presents the fact that after Revolutionary war nativism, or practice of protecting the indigenous culture through conscious effort, began to take hold. Programs and policies were developed so as to encourage non-WASPs to adopt WASP values and traditions. It also envisage that 1800s onsets the scientifically justified racial ideologies that further supported the WASP- held negative perceptions of immigrants. The chapter highlights WASPs believed themselves to be inherently superior- physically, culturally, intelligently and politically. The chapter emphasize WASP-based political movement centered on a hatred of

Tono-bungay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tono-bungay - Assignment Example this rather oppressed lower class members of this â€Å"society† but clearly holds the view that it is their clichà © mode of life that restricts them from leading a better life (Wells 6). He also asserts that there is a greater social problem in the society driven by money. He writes â€Å"See what the world pays teachers and discoverers and what it pays businessmen! That shows the ones it really wants† (136). Largely, the book covers the troubles of the low class in their bid to make something good for themselves. This novel reflects on the life of the society at the time it was written and specifically concerns the social changes caused by industrialization and consumerism trends. A notable focus on this book, in the aspect of the argument of this paper, is that the people in this age can find a bearing of the insights in their social life. By covering the socialist ideals and ideas, Tono-Bungay not only becomes important for the society during its setting but also in subsequent generations as the social issues in the book are transferrable from one era to another. At the beginning of the novel, Wells narrates through George the ignorance of the lower class in the society. They are easily duped by the wealthy class to continue serving them hence enriching themselves only. George comes to learn of the world of the wealthy class as a boy through listening to the comic and humiliating conversation of men and women of the lower class in the society. Wells narrations point out that these conversations mirrored the unawareness as well as the rigidity that these men and women of the lower English class had towards their plight. These people have adopted a clichà © mode of life which they have gained so much comfort in that they do not seek to improve their lives or that of their future generations. George, young as he is at the time, can tell that the sickness in the social fabric of the English society he lives in. George says â€Å"She is reality, the one reality I have

Accounting and Finance will send you fquestions file Essay

Accounting and Finance will send you fquestions file - Essay Example Therefore, the IRR calculated through Trial & Error method is 29.165% approximately at which the present value of estimated cash flows is  £99,996 which is approximately equal to initial investment i.e.  £100,000 The customer should take the project because the payback period is two years and eight months, besides, the IRR calculated through Trial & Error method is 29.165% approximately at which the present value of estimated cash flows is  £99,996 that gives an approximately equal to initial investment i.e.  £100,000. The ending cash balance during month of August is  £37,240 while the expected cash balance during September is  £43,390. Similarly the expected cash balance during October and November are  £48,930 and  £55,150 respectively as shown in the table above. Organisations need budget to help in the evaluation of its performance. Without a financial planning that makes use of the budget, they would not be in a position to assess their progress and institute appropriate measures. Besides, they need budgeting for efficient coordination of the organisational activities. The budget acts like a blueprint that provides the roadmap and the expectation of the activities like sales, expenditures, and other costs. When organisations do not use budgets to address these issues, they are at risk of running down the organisation because of unplanned activities that are likely to exceed the expectations. Budgeting helps organisations to take control of their finances, hence keeping focused on the goals they laid down when beginning the financial year. A budget helps the organisation plan savings and makes decisions in advance when expecting or not expecting any costs related to the activity of the organisation hence controlling debts (Young, 2003). Budgeting process can be very challenging especially when there is poor communication between the team tasked with the making of decisions. Therefore, enhancing communication and reducing the number of people