Ethical issue at Starbucks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moral issue at Starbucks - Research Paper Example Be that as it may, ongoing disclosures show an in any case picture (Cross et al 2009). As indicated by Rhetoric Society of America et al (2004), Starbucks has been concealing numerous things, for example, serving milk with GM development hormone in US. Also, it has been running tireless crusades of blasting associations. As indicated by Schultz et al (2011), the organization is likewise blamed for endeavoring to obstruct the endeavors of Ethiopia to improve the espresso grower’s occupations. Moreover, it has likewise appealed to a government judge to acknowledge in past sexual history proof of a previous worker matured 16 years when she indicted inappropriate behavior case. Notwithstanding the way that the organization has sold as standard Fair-exchange Coffee since 2009 every one of its stores in UK, the remainder of the activity all around on the take-up has been more slow. The firm has been scrutinized in any event, for its activities in US by Organic Consumers Association likewise stalling in Fair-exchange dispatch (Michelli 2007). Moreover, Gilbert (2008) brings up the request by the US court on Starbucks to pay low wage staff more than $100million in California in a decision that the laborers inappropriately imparted to their supervisors a few hints despite the fact that was toppled along these lines after an effective intrigue. The claim against Starbucks was for utilizing strategies that are hostile to serious to dispense with their rivals. The workers of Starbucks would give out their espresso rights as free example outside the little shops of espresso in their neighborhoods, along these lines increasing more benefit and business for themselves. Besides, Bussing-Burks (2009) include that they now and then even attempted to buyout different shops of espresso close to them. They would at some point sign leases for right around multiple times of the market cost to make the proprietors not lease it out to different dealers of espresso. Marie et al ( 2009) includes that Howard Schultz the CEO earned a compensation ascent of 25% after an expense of $580 million sliced from the organization in the year 2009. By dissecting the activities of Starbucks, it is deceptive in light of the fact that the stores of little espresso offer a lot to the individuals in the towns they are found contrasted with what Starbucks does. Dominant part of individuals love little bistros with sensible espresso costs in their encompassing towns. Then again others would be placated with Starbucks. Be that as it may, Kachra (1997) clarifies that in spite of the fact that you may adore Starbucks, you dislike a café that has been in presence in your town for long being looked bankrupt. As per Schultz et al (2007) the little coffeehouses found in many towns offers joy to more individuals not at all like Starbucks which cheat their espresso. It is deceptive for a firm like Starbucks to overrate their items since they realize they are separated from everyone els e in the market subsequent to dislodging different organizations accordingly individuals will need different choices. Besides, they ignored other independent company by being narrow minded and contrarily confronting them off increasing all the customers and benefits. Fellner (2008) sees that the organization didn't esteem individuals yet thought about them as wellsprings of benefits. Their method of extension doesn't have altruism and they are likewise not roused legitimately. Simon (2009) sees that the organization doesn't likewise consent to their set enactments. This is on the grounds that Starbucks witticism obviously expounds they will treat their customers poise and regard. Be that as it may, no pride or regard is appeared to their customers or even the networks. As indicated by Olsen (1994), Starbucks

Balanced Scorecard: Traditional Performance Measurement

Adjusted Scorecard Traditional Performance Measurement Historically, the estimation framework for business has been budgetary. Exercises of organizations were estimated and checked through the customary budgetary bookkeeping model. Be that as it may, the broad, even select utilization of money related estimations in business has been reprimanded principally in light of the fact that an overemphasis on accomplishing and keeping up momentary budgetary outcomes can make organizations overinvest in present moment fixes and to underinvest in long haul esteem creation, especially in the elusive and scholarly resources that produce future development. Without a doubt, the Harvard Business School Council on Competitiveness venture in 1992 distinguished the accompanying efficient contrasts between speculations made by U. S. organizations and those made in Japan and Germany: The U. S. framework is less steady of long haul corporate speculation in view of the overemphasis on improving momentary comes back to impact current offer costs. The U. S. ystem favors those types of venture for which returns are most promptly quantifiable; this prompts underinvestment in immaterial resources †item and procedure development, worker abilities, consumer loyalty †whose momentary returns are increasingly hard to quantify. Unavoidably, as supervisors are constrained to deliverconsistent and superb transient money related execution, exchange offs are made that limit the quest for interests in development openings. Surprisingly more terrible, the weight for momentary budgetary execution can make organizations lessen spending on new item advancement, process upgrades, human asset improvement, data innovation, information bases, and frameworks just as client and market advancement. In the short run, the money related bookkeeping model reports these spending reductions as increments in revealed pay, in any event, when decreases have ripped apart a company’s supply of assetsand its capacities for making future monetary worth. On the other hand, an organization could expand transient budgetary outcomes by abusing clients through significant expenses or lower administration. In the short run, these activities improve revealed benefit, however the absence of client dependability and fulfillment will leave the organization exceptionally powerless against serious advances. The worry with the overemphasis on monetary execution measures has likewise saturated the U. S. rofessional relationship of open bookkeepers as a significant level uncommon council on monetary revealing of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants fortified worries with selective dependence on money related announcing for estimating business execution: â€Å"Users center around the future while today’s business detailing centers around the past. Despite the fact that data about the past is a valuable pointer of future execution, clients likewise need forward-looking data. The panel recognized the significance of providin g details regarding how well organizations are making an incentive for the future, and prescribed connecting business execution answering to management’s vital vision: â€Å"Many clients need to see an organization through the eyes of the executives to assist them with understanding management’s point of view and foresee where the board will lead the organization. † It proceeded to state that nonfinancial estimation must assume a key job: â€Å"Management ought to unveil the money related and nonfinancial estimations it utilizes in dealing with the business that measure the impacts of key exercises and occasions. The council closed by suggesting that organizations receive a more â€Å"balanced† and forward-looking methodology: To meet users’ evolving needs, business announcing must: Provide more data about plans, openings, dangers and vulnerabilities Focus more on the variables that make longer-term esteem, including nonfinancial estimates demonst rating how key business forms are performing Origins of the Balanced Scorecard By the mid-1990s other authoritative scholars had taken up Kaplan and Norton’s work and adjusted the structure strategy for adjusted scorecards, resolving early blemishes. Kaplan and Norton distributed their thoughts in full in The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy enthusiastically in 1996 and it turned into a business blockbuster. The Balanced Scorecard Each viewpoint of the Balanced Scorecard incorporates goals, proportions of those destinations, target estimations of those measures, and activities, characterized as follows: Measures †the detectable parameters that will be utilized to gauge progress toward arriving at the goal. For instance, the goal of beneficial development may be estimated by development in net edge. Targets †the particular objective qualities looked for every one of the measures, for instance, +2% development in net edge. Activities †activity projects to be started so as to meet the goal and arrive at the objective. The structure for the decent scorecard is outlined beneath: Figure 1: Balanced Scorecard Framework {draw:frame} As can be seen from the chart, the targets and proportions of the scorecard are gotten from an organization’s vision and technique. The fair scorecard ought to decipher a business unit’s crucial procedure into unmistakable targets and measures. The measures speak to a balancebetween outside measures for investors and clients, and inside measures if basic business procedures, advancement, and learning and development. The measures are likewise balancedbetween the result measures †the outcomes from past endeavors †and the measures that drive future execution. Ultimately, the scorecard is balancedbetween targets, effectively evaluated result measures and abstract, to some degree critical, execution drivers of the result measures. Each measure chose ought to be a piece of a connection of circumstances and logical results connections that come full circle in improving budgetary execution. The scorecard should recount to the narrative of the procedure, beginning with the since quite a while ago run monetary goals, and afterward connecting them to the succession of moves that must be made with money related procedures, clients, inner procedures, lastly workers and framework to convey the ideal since quite a while ago run financial execution. Budgetary Perspective Table 1: Stages of a Business’s Life Cycle Table 2: Measuring Strategic Financial Themes Income development and blend allude to growing item and administration contributions, arriving at new clients and markets, changing the item and administration blend toward higher-esteem included contributions, and repricing items and administrations. The cost decrease and profitability target alludes to endeavors to bring down the immediate expenses of items and administrations, diminish backhanded expenses, and offer normal assets with different specialty units. For the benefit use subject, directors endeavor to lessen the working capital levels required to help a given volume and blend of business. They likewise endeavor to get more noteworthy usage of their fixed resource base, by guiding new business to assets presently not used to limit, utilizing rare assets all the more proficiently, and discarding resources that give lacking profits for their fairly estimated worth. Every one of these activities empower the specialty unit to expand the profits earned on its money related and physical resources. Client Perspective The client viewpoint tends to the topic of how the firm is seen by its clients and how well the firm is serving its focused on clients so as to meet the monetary destinations. In the client point of view of the decent scorecard, directors recognize the client and market fragments in which the specialty unit will contend and the proportions of the business unit’s execution in these focused on portions. These fragments speak to the sources that will convey the income segment of the company’s money related destinations. The client point of view empowers organizations to adjust their center or nonexclusive result measures to focused clients and market fragments. This center estimation gathering of results is nonexclusive over a wide range of associations, and is outlined in the accompanying chart: Figure 2: The Customer Perspective †Core Measures {draw:frame} These result measures speak to the objectives for companies’ promoting, operational, coordinations, and item and administration advancement forms. In any case, these result measures have a portion of the imperfections of conventional money related measures in that they are slacking measures †representatives won't realize how well they are getting along with consumer loyalty or client maintenance until it is past the point where it is possible to influence the result. Additionally, the measures don't convey what workers ought to do in their everyday exercises to accomplish the ideal results. Due to these, directors should likewise recognize what clients in focused portions esteem and pick the incentive they will convey to these clients. The fragment explicit drivers of center client results speak to those variables that are basic for clients to change to or stay faithful to their providers. These traits are shown in the Figure 3 underneath: Figure 3: The Customer Value Proposition {draw:g} {draw:frame} The client point of view empowers specialty unit chiefs to express the client and market-based system that will convey prevalent future monetary returns. Consequently, the client point of view of the scorecard deciphers an organization’s crucial technique into explicit goals about focused clients and market sections that can be imparted all through the association. Inward Business Process Perspective Inner business process destinations address the topic of which procedures are generally basic for fulfilling clients and investors. These are the procedures wherein the firm should think its endeavors to exceed expectations. Targets and measures for this point of view are ordinarily evolved in the wake of detailing destinations and measures for the monetary and client viewpoints to empower organizations

How to Purchase the New Style TPO

How to Purchase the New Style TPO Update from December 2019: These instructions are no longer needed. Ignore this post. ??If you want to purchase a TPO based on the new version of the TOEFL there are some complicated instructions you need to follow. Heres what to know1. On the main ETS site the new TPO 31 is listed as part of the TOEFL Value Pack Prep, but it is NOT in the new style. Do not buy it.2. However, you can get an alternate version ofTPO 31 which is in the new style.3. To do that, first you need to create an ETS account and select a date and time for a test sitting. Select any date. You will remove it from the cart later. But for now, add that to your cart.4. After that is done, you will get an option to buy test prep materials. Select TPO 31 from that screen. It will explain that this version of TPO 31 matches the new style.5. After that, REMOVE the test sitting from your cart so you dont have to pay for it.6. Then proceed to checkout and pay for the TPO, which should be the only thing in your cart. MAKE S URE YOU ARE NOT PAYING FOR A TEST SITTING AS WELL. DO NOT COMPLAIN TO ME IF YOU ACCIDENTALLY PAY FOR A TEST SITTING.7. I do not know why this is the only way to buy the new version.8. Enjoy. Let me know if the integrated writing question is about trees in deserts. That is the one I bought a couple months ago from the Korean reseller.

Emotional, Educational, Extreme, Exciting The Freedom...

Emotional, educational, extreme, exciting: The Freedom Writers. This movie is packed with tons of elements that keep the viewer interested and intrigued; best of all, it is based on a true story. Every movie has a message that the writers are trying to portray to the viewers. Whether the message is love, justice, sacrifice, escape, etc., each movie is encrypted with actions and words that help explain the message in detail. The Freedom Writers is an excellent film that makes the viewer analyze the message and how it can be applied in today’s world. The strong message from The Freedom Writers can make a large impact on issues such as violence, racism, and the holocaust. One teacher, Erin Gruwell, shows her challenged students how to take their everyday challenges and use them to better themselves and their community. This teacher has such an impact on her student’s lives. They eventually write a book with an assortment of letters composed by students’ diaries, speaking on their struggles of the past, present, and future. Mrs. Gruwell merges the letters into something beautiful, The Freedom Writers. This story not only touches the heart but also has many elements that can be applied in today’s world. Violence is a main theme in the movie and is a strong problem in a lot of the country today. With some of the aspects taught in The Freedom Writers, our world can find a stop to violence as a whole. Racism is a huge problem addressed in the movie. There are many stereotypes andShow MoreRelatedEducator in a Pastoral Role4826 Words   |  20 Pagesa family’s disposable income which takes away the pressure from a man to a certai n extent. However, a man is still seen as the stronger figure, especially by children. Having not had a solid father figure for most of her life Tina would, in this writers view, have been ecstatic to have this figure in her life. 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Methodologies of Military Leadership Research The study of military leadership represents a unique set of challenges when compared to studying corporate or educational leadership. Because of the truly deadly nature of their business, the autocratic hierarchical organizational nature, and the contractual nature of the employment sociological studies of military leadership pose special challenges. Driven by theRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesconflict (if they have not already been introduced by the exposition). The conflict is then developed gradually and intensified. CRISIS: The crisis (also referred to as the climax) is that moment at which the plot reaches its point of greatest emotional intensity; it is the turning point of the plot, directly precipitating its resolution. FALLING ACTION: Once the crisis has been reached, the tension subsides and the plot moves toward its appointed conclusion. 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These perspectives provide, in their different ways, profound challenges to the ways in which we live in and design organiz ations. They pose important challenges to organization members about issues such as: †¢ The relationship between organization control and freedom. †¢ The nature of power and authority in organizations. †¢ The relationship between individualismRead MoreEntrepreneurship Process and Principles15897 Words   |  64 Pagesproduct. Yet the statistics of entrepreneurial failure rates have been misleading over the years. In fact, one researcher, Bruce A Kirchofff, has reported that the high failure rate most commonly accepted may be misleading. Myth10: Entrepreneurs are Extreme Risk Takers( Gamblers) The public perception of the risk assumed by most entrepreneurs is distorted. While it mat appears that an entrepreneur is â€Å"gambling† or wild chance, the fact is that the entrepreneur is usually working on a moderate or â€Å"calculated†Read MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pageswho come from a disadvantaged background. But stories of whatever sort must of course be made relevant to the hope of studying for a Ph.D.â€â€" (―Preparing Your Statement of Purpose Personal Statementâ€â€"). ï‚ · Note: According to Robert M. Brown, writers of successful psychology personal statements—and this probably holds true for science essays as well—include an autobiographical reference early in the essay and then reframe the experiential anecdote in terms of a scientific question and plan of

Niccolo Machiavelli Virtues And Virtue - 1122 Words

Kings, rulers come to an end due to non-prudent behavior or a deadly mistake. The truth will uncover to whether the prince was virtuous or faking virtue. When a mistake appears, and the true self reveals. A prince could achieve complete virtue only through a sinless life. Dante depicts a soul as being virtuous by living a pure life and avoiding eternal death in the afterlife. To reign profitably, it is necessitating for a prince to have virtue. Virtue in return, will benefit him in the current and afterlife. Virtue is the moral understanding of something beyond the physical sphere of life. Observing the situation in Florence during Niccolo Machiavelli’s time, it was in ruins due to corruption among citizens and poor leadership. To put†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦because they knew that there is no avoiding war; it can only be postponed to the advantage of others† (Machiavelli, 12). Machiavelli points out that the Romans were victorious because they never steer away from war, a cruel action. To survive as a prince, one had to be cunning and vicious. Machiavelli says that a virtuous prince is one that could keep and protect his state, while utilizing needed unethical methods. He indicates that if prowess cannot be accomplished it must be feigned by the ruler. However, there is a problem with the idea of faking virtue, because one lacking prowess is more susceptible to making a fatal decision. Another difficulty is that obligating acts of darkness would not make a prince a prudent ruler even if it is for the common good of the state. The problem lies within the question, what would become of the soul. The prince may be successful temporary on earth, but what awaits in eternity? He would not be so much considered virtuous and triumphant after his death. The prince’s soul would endure the punishment for his actions, in a place of tournament and outer darkness. Dante brings the reality of the soul’s place back for depiction of what defines righteousness. Worthiness and virtuousness are measured in one’s afterlife as mentioned in â€Å"The Inferno of Dante†. One’s failures will acknowledge themselves in the afterlife, and not soShow MoreRelated The Prince Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagestheir ideas on politics, but none were better than those of Niccolo Machiavelli. Born in 1469, Niccolo was adamant in creating a master plan for seizing and controlling power. He voiced these themes on what it takes to be a prince of a state in his magnificent book, The Prince. In his book many themes were expressed in order to fulfill the role of a prince. These themes ranged from human nature to military force and most importantly virtue. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Machavelli believed that theRead MoreMachiavelli’s Political Ideas and Influence1477 Words   |  6 Pagesauthor and political figure from the Renaissance who embodied political realism was Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli was a Florentine born in 1469 and lived during the crux of the Renaissance. Before his career as an author Machiavelli was a Florentine ambassador in France and The Holy Roman Empire. Machiavelli studied Renaissance humanism and political realism. As a reaction to what he saw in the north, In 1513 Machiavelli wrote The Prince, which explained his ideas and experiences from his time as anRead MoreBiography of and Principles Taught By Niccolo Machiavelli Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli Essay: Question 1 Born in the 15th century, Niccolà ² Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, philosopher, diplomat and humanist. 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While the two wrote in similar subject matter, it is clear that these philosophers possess distinctly different viewpoints on how a rulerRead More Machiavellian Advice from The Prince1097 Words   |  5 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli was a middle-class and humanist-educated Florentine diplomat, philosopher, and writer who lived during the Renaissance in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Although bestowed with the title of the father of modern political theory, Machiavelli has been, and continues to be widely misunderstood and misinterpreted (Kreis). The term â€Å"Machiavellian,† and it is in the dictionary, is defined as subtle or unscrupulous cunning, decepti on, expediency, or dishonesty (Dictionary)Read MoreMachiavelli Ecclesiastical Principalities1238 Words   |  5 Pages(with citations) The Prince is Machiavelli’s guide for ruling and conquering states. Machiavelli elaborates on various ways to acquire principalities and provides the reader with a straightforward guide on how to successfully conquer and maintain control over states. Machiavelli analyses the strengths and flaws of certain paths to conquest, how to maintain a hold on power and the importance of strong arms. Machiavelli sees humans as easily persuaded and simple minded. He believes that all people wantRead MoreEssay on Princely Power1621 Words   |  7 PagesPrincely Power Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince contains a very unique section entitled Princely Virtues in which Machiavelli takes on a how-to approach in regards to becoming a prince. The instructional qualities of the novel lead its reader to create in themselves an image of not the most virtuous, but in Machiavellis eyes, the most effective prince. In the selections found in chapters 15-26, Machiavelli teaches his intended princely students the necessary political skills that a princeRead MoreMachiavelli s On Human Nature1531 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli on Human Nature Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes were two modern political theorists who presented new ideas about political organization in the 16th and 17th century. While Machiavelli focused his written works on ideas related to effective governance, Hobbes attempts to explain the necessity of establishing a ruler to maintain peace and stability. Although Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes focused on different aspects of political theory, both thinkers addressed the conceptRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesexplained using the observations of Niccolo Machiavelli in The Prince. In this book Machiavelli outlines the characteristics of a successful leader. When using The Prince as a lens to read Julius Caesar, the correlation between a leader’s Machiavellianism and their success becomes very apparent. Marcus Brutus is undoubtedly an honorable and respectable man, but his morality prevents him from adhering to Machiavelli’s principles . Due to his lack of princely virtues, Brutus is doomed to fail, whileRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1293 Words   |  6 PagesBy many, Niccolà ² Machiavelli is infamous for being one of the most controversial political philosophers during the period of 1494-1564. Machiavelli is a realist whose lack of idealistic optimism is the root of his cynicism towards human nature and human weakness. He is a perpetuator of the idea that â€Å"the means justifies the end.† Although an ample amount of individuals criticize his principles, many rational thinkers embrace the political realities he so adamantly acquaints his readers with in his

General Motors Corporation General Motors Corporation Free Essays

â€Å"General Motors is one of three leading automotive manufacturing companies in the United States. â€Å"General Motors merupakan salah satu dari tiga perusahaan manufaktur otomotif terkemuka di Amerika Serikat. Based in Michigan in 1903 by Henry ford and grew to reach revenue of $150 billion and more than 370,000 employees by 1996. We will write a custom essay sample on General Motors Corporation General Motors Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Berbasis di Michigan pada tahun 1903 oleh Henry ford dan tumbuh untuk mencapai pendapatan sebesar $ 150 miliar dan lebih dari 370. 00 karyawan pada tahun 1996. In the 1970’s, the automobile market for the major auto makers – General Motors (GM), Ford, and Chrysler- was crunched by competition from foreign manufactures such as Toyota and Honda. Pada 1970-an, pasar mobil untuk para pembuat mobil utama – General Motors (GM), Ford, dan Chrysler-adalah berderak oleh persaingan dari luar negeri manufaktur seperti Toyota dan Honda. In 1999, Ford acquired the Swedish Volvo model in an attempt to compete in the foreign market and expand to other regions. † Pada tahun 1999, model Ford mengakuisisi Volvo Swedia dalam upaya untuk bersaing di pasar asing dan memperluas ke daerah lain. † General Motors needs to use the business process reengineering for the information systems infrastructure to cut redundancies and requiring information process and the link among Ford centre in world wide. General Motors perlu menggunakan rekayasa ulang proses bisnis untuk infrastruktur sistem informasi untuk memotong redundancies dan memproses informasi membutuhkan dan link di antara pusat Ford di seluruh dunia. â€Å"General Motors implemented a 3-year plan to consolidate their multiple desktop systems into one. â€Å"General Motors mengimplementasikan rencana 3 tahun untuk mengkonsolidasikan beberapa sistem desktop mereka menjadi satu. This new process involved replacing the numerous brands of desktop systems, network Proses baru ini melibatkan berbagai merek menggantikan sistem How to cite General Motors Corporation General Motors Corporation, Papers

Safety In Our Schools Essays - Firefighting, Fire Prevention

Safety in our Schools Safety in the schools can mean life and death in many situations. One way is fires. With such things as thin walls, flammable interior, or exterior, schools could turn into a flaming inferno. All schools should be routinely checked for things such as escape routes from the building and the ease of opening and closing these routes. They also should be clear from any interfering things nearby. Schools should have such things as walls inside and outside that do not have flammable material. Often this is the reason that many brick buildings burn. Many think brick is the safest but often is inter-mixed with interiors that burn easily. If such buildings had non-flammable interiors, then such things might not happen. Schools should go through safety procedures with the children thoroughly at least once a month. The schools should try to communicate with the children about fires and try to get the point across clearly. Such things that should be mentioned are that children should leave the building quietly, even this is probably the hardest thing to do. The schools should try to teach the kids that running might get you out, but could injure or kill many more, some of them being friends or people you care for such as brother's or sister's even if they don't like them now, they'll miss them when they die. When the kids get out of the school, they should go to a selected place to wait for others and teachers to take authority. The children should then proceed to try to stay clear of the firemen and police officers that might soon arrive because of the consequences which might encounter the child if she/he gets in their way. The Firefighters could lose their concentration with such distractions could cost someone's life. When the children interfere with the firefighters, they could cause an explosion and be struck by equipment, colliding with a vehicle, etc. They would also slow down the firefighters often causing in yet another life or to the firefighter themselves. As in a house fire, your class should take precautions if you see smoke coming in your room or down the hall. If it's coming in your room, then you should close the door immediately if it's open or feel it if it's cold to see if its hot. If its not hot, open it slowly and proceed outside. If it's hot or there's smoke coming inside, close the door. Look for a fire escape if your above the first floor and exit onto it. If there is none, then wave something noticeable out the windows and try to get someone's attention. If you're on the first level, then just climb out the windows. Make sure you go out in some sort of an orderly fashion because if there is shoving or pushing, then people could get caught up, trampled on, or knocked back causing havoc. If you all leave patiently then you all have a better chance of getting out together and alive, non-cooperation could lead to people getting caught up or left behind, or getting out to late and being killed by the smoke coming in. Try to prevent something like this from starting by first trying to notice a new smell and see if it's smoke, if all agree then proceed to investigate. These are some very good tips on how to better prepare yourself and this is how I feel about fires and how they should be taught and helped be prevented. Bibliography 1. New York Times, 2 December 1958 2. "Urgent Message-Safe Schools," Newsweek, 15 December 1958 3. "A Nation's Haste to learn From a City's Sad Lesson," Newsweek, 15 December 1958 4. "Uses A Home Escape Plan," Lesson Plan #4 5. "Helps the Fire Department" Lesson Plan #9 6. "Fire Safety in the Home," 1976 Article #1 - 90 Perish in Chicago School Fire On December 1, something very unexpected happened in Chicago. A fire broke out killing 87 children and three nuns. It was at Our Lady of the Angels Roman Catholic Parochial School. Normally children would use the fire drills to exit a building calmly and quietly, but not this time. Children forgot these drills because of the panic. Some jumped out windows and others trampled over others to get out first and alive. There were rescue efforts made by the nuns, teachers, priests, janitors, and passer-bys who rescued more than 1,000 children. One class was found dead at their desks. They have found no evidence of

How gender bias can become a factor in research

How gender bias can become a factor in research Gender bias refers to the situation whereby people of one gender are indiscriminately treated differently from the other gender. In the traditional ways of doing research, male respondents were being given more attention compared to their female counterparts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How gender bias can become a factor in research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Feminist research methodologies were however, developed over the years to ensure that even women get the chance to participate in the research activities. One of the factors that promote gender biases in research includes lack of sufficient research on the positions held by men and women in society. The other factor is the kind of the research whereby the most of these psychological researches are based on stereotypes rather than the real differences between man and women. Finally, is the differences in behaviors between men and women in that women ha ve a lot of strange behaviors brought about by changes in their hormonal balance such as during the PMS and PMT stages. Gender bias has been a factor in research for many years. The most affected research area by this factor is medicine owing to the stereotype that most of the health disorders affect either males or females and rarely can you find ailments that affect both genders with equal magnitude. A good example of this is when research is being conducted on cardiac disorders. These are largely believed to be common in men; hence such researches are done on male samples. The assumption made in such cases is that the female population affected by these disorders is trivial hence insignificant in the research (Brannon 231). The result of this is that cures and control mechanisms are developed for men, and it is assumed that this will work for women too. This however could not be the case because it has been discovered that women react differently to medications compared to men. I n some cases however, gender bias in research is valid, a good example being the case of research on the condition of women during pregnancy. This will never affect men and hence using female samples to collect the data is warranted.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Brannon, â€Å"women had always been excluded from research activities that led to the validation of most clinical drugs owing to what was referred to as safety reasons. However, this prohibition did not have clear information on the effects of clinical drugs drugs on women† (234). This finding sent most of the drugs to the laboratory also owing to the fact that women were being affected adversely by these. Psychological research was also generally conducted on men as the original respondents then women came in second as secondary respondents. This changed after it was discovered that most people with psychological problems can be traced with a problem that affected the mothers either during pregnancy or when bringing up the child. This perspective changed, and a conclusion was made that â€Å"men may be the prototype of modern psychology’s picture of the typical person, but mothers remain the typical kind of parent† (Brannon 233). From these illustrations, it is clear that gender bias is a major factor in research especially of a psychological nature. The researchers should be very sensitive to the needs of both groups before coming up with any conclusions. They also need to come up with ways of determining with accuracy the gender that is affected by that research mostly before coming up with conclusions of the research. This will ensure that the findings are more accurate and avoid the cases where over time most psychological research findings are being considered void. An example of this is like the one stated above which involves medication. Most o f the drugs that had been produced were banned from the market when it was realized that they had adverse effects on the health of women. This could have been avoided initially by equally selecting population samples containing a mixture of men and women.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How gender bias can become a factor in research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brannon, Linda. Psychological Perspective 5th ed. Louisiana: McNeese State University, 1996.

Social Security Number Allocations by Location

Social Security Number Allocations by Location The first three digits of a persons Social Security number numbers can often help you to determine where your ancestor may have possibly been living when his/her SSN was issued (see exceptions below). These numbers can also be helpful in determining which listings in the SSDI may belong to your ancestor. The first three digits of a persons Social Security number were, prior to 1973, determined by the state where the person applied fo their social security card. Since that time, the first three digits have been assigned based on the ZIP Code of the mailing address on the Social Security number application. The chart below shows the first 3 digits of the social security numbers assigned throughout the United States and its possessions. SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER STATE CODES * The same number, when shown with more than one area, means that certain numbers have been transferred from one State to another, or that an area has been divided for use among certain geographic locations. Learn more about the other numbers in the Social Security Numbering Scheme.

Generation Z Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Generation Z - Essay Example Concurrently, most of my peers, including me, exemplify the principle of social security through adeptness and acumen on technological gadgets and applications. It is in this particular generation that most of the technological gadgets pertaining to telecommunications abound. When computers were large, bulky and immovable during the times of generation X; personal computers, laptops, and other technology gadgets seem to be produced in portable smaller versions to be pocketed and brought anywhere and everywhere. Peers and friends are seen to exchange and share information on their latest smartphones, iPads (tablets), portable media players (iPods), Kindle, and other digital media gadgets. The members of the previous generation could be oblivious of discerning one version from the other of one particular gadget (smartphones, for instance); yet, to this generation z, recognition of the feature, specifications, and applications of all updated digital media gadgets is natural to us. Thus, possessing one or more of these technological gadgets affirm the principle of social belongingness through proving that their capabilities enable immediate access to our whereabouts, if ever and whenever, needed. Finally, another proof that this generation longs to be part of a social group is the innate desire to become affiliated with peers of similar age groups through sharing similarities in sports activities and entertainment: music, films, and physical fitness programs, on a more global sphere.

Einhorn asserts that 'democracy stops at the factory gates'. What are Essay

Einhorn asserts that 'democracy stops at the factory gates'. What are the limits to organisational democracy within market economies and what might a post-capitalist form of work organisation look like - Essay Example ; moreover, it has been noted that the limitation of democracy in the workplace has been out of the control of political leaders; current paper focuses on the examination of the aspects of democracy across organizations, or else, the organisational democracy. Through the research made on the existing literature, it has been proved that organisational democracy is reduced under the influence of the interests of employers; on the other hand, the need for salary has been proved, in most cases, to be stronger than the need for fairer conditions of work. In this context, the phrase of Eihorn that ‘democracy stops at the factory gates’ can be characterized as justified. However, the limitation of freedom in its various aspects cannot lead to the limitation of the fights for fair conditions of life; entrepreneurial interests need to be satisfied – at the level that each enterprise is based on the entrepreneur’s – or the shareholders – investment; how ever, a balance should exist between the interests of all parties in the workplace; the succession of the capitalist (by a post-capitalist) form of work organisation can be considered as necessary; this succession has been started; the terms of this transition and the characteristics of the post-capitalist form of work organisation are also explained in this paper. In order to understand the role and the characteristics of national democracy it would be necessary to refer primarily to its definition; in accordance with Salamon (2000, p.147) ‘organisational democracy involves an interrelationship between participative democracy (membership involvement in policy formulation and decision making) and representational democracy (election of representatives to positions of ‘government’ or leadership)’; organizational democracy can refer to all aspects of organizational activities being depended on the organizational environment (internal and external) and the country’s political system and social ethics. The

Stock Options With Fixed Exercise Prices

Stock Options With Fixed Exercise Prices Table of Contents (Jump to) 1 Introduction 2 Fixed Price Options versus Indexed Options 3 Case for Indexed Options 3.1 Compensation for Relative rather than Absolute Performance 3.2 Protection of Managers during Market Downswings 3.3 Reduced Expected Costs 4 Case against Indexed Options 4.1 Unpredictability 4.2 Difficulty in Controlling Compensations 4.3 Larger Deadweight Costs. 4.4 Tax Treatment 4.5 Reluctance of Managers 5 Reasons for Choosing Alternatives of Indexed Options 5.1 Requirements of Firms 5.2 Sensitivity of Payoff 6 Empirical Evidence 7 Conclusion 8 References 1 Introduction The principal-agent problem has long been a matter of discussion within organisational institutions. As a matter of fact, the owners of a limited company normally elect a Board of Directors to control the business’s resources on their behalf. However, conflict arises among these managers and shareholders due to their different objectives. As owners, shareholders would want to maximise profits while managers may want to maximise sales, build empire buildings and enjoy perks. To align the interests of both stakeholders therefore, compensation of managers should be linked with the firm’s performance. One way to do this is the introduction of options: fixed price options and indexed options. Basically, an option is a financial derivative representing a contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specific price on or before a certain date. An option, just like a stock or bond, is a security. Fixed price options and indexed options differ significantly from each other. For the purpose of this assignment, we will discuss how indexed options provide a better case compared to fixed price options. 2 Fixed Price Options versus Indexed Options Fixed price options whose exercise price is already agreed upon and will remain the same until expiration date. The option exercise price is usually set equal to the stock price at grant. When an executive is given a fixed price option as a means compensation, two situations can arise. If the share price rises above the exercise price, the executive gains. On the other hand, the executive receive absolutely nothing if there is a decrease in share price In contrast, an indexed option is a stock option whose exercise price is connected to a benchmark index, which may be a specific sector index or a broad market index. Indexed price options have unknown selling price when contract is being made, and the final price of the option depends on market status on the expiration date. A change in the absolute value of the share will have no effect unless thecompanyoutperformssomestatedindex suchastheSP500 or a group of peers. Then only, the optionwillbeexercised. 3 Case for Indexed Options 3.1 Compensation for Relative rather than Absolute Performance Fixed price options reward performance in absolute terms. If the share price increases, the executives are rewarded in spite of rising market trends being unconnected to managers’ performance. Executives are still rewarded if competitors’ or the market have performed better. Similarly, when the share price falls, no rewards are given even if the firm did better than its peers. On the other hand indexed options reward relative rather than absolute performance. Hence, executives do not enjoy windfall gains by luck in rising markets, but by their performance instead. Only if the company performs better than the market or its peers that the executives can cash in. The executives have therefore further incentives to deliver good performance. The example below gives a better idea of how indexed options actually reward relative performance. XYZ ltd.’s equity stock is currently selling for $100 per share when the market (benchmark) index is at a level of 1000. XYZ limited grants an option to its CEO which enables him to purchase an option consisting of 100000 shares at an exercise price of $100, but the same will move in line with the market in future. Taking a specific case, the CEO is given indexed options. The value of the option granted to the CEO under 4 various scenarios is shown in the table below. Value of Indexed Option under Indexed Options SHAREPRICE INDEX Rises Falls Outperforms the index Index: 1150 (by 15%) Exercise price: $115 (by 15%) Stock price: $120 (by 20%) Value of option: $500,000 Index:850 Exercise price: $85 (by 15%) Stock price: $90 (by 10%) Value of option: $500,000 Underperforms the index Index: 1150 (by 15%) Exercise price: $115 (by 15%) Stock price: $110 (by 10%) Value of option: $0 Index: 850 (by 15%) Exercise price: $85 (by 15%) Stock price: $80 (by 20%) Value of option: $0 Table 1 From Table1, indexed options only reward the CEO when the companies’ stock outperforms the market, even if indexes have increased or decreased. They have a fair way of rewarding CEOs; they do not reward under-performingexecutives nor do they penalize superior performers whenever the market index has increased or decreased in respective cases. This is a convenient way of keeping CEOs motivated and thus encourage them perform well in their duties of decision making for a company’s investment. In general, indexed options reward superior performance under all market conditions. However, if the same example is taken in the case of fixed price option, and that there is a 5% change in the share price, the scenarios will differ as follows: Value of Option under Fixed Price Options SHAREPRICE RISES Exercise price: $100 Share price: $105 (by 5%) Value of option : $500,000 EXERCISE OPTION FALLS Exercise price: $100 Share price: $95 (by 5%) Value of option: $0 NOT EXERCISE OPTION Table 2 As shown in Table 2, when the share price increases from $100 to $105, the option is exercised to the benefit of the manager. The latter receives a compensation of $ 500,000. In the reverse case, when the share price falls to $95, the shareholders gets no compensation. 3.2 Protection of Managers during Market Downswings In the case of fixed price options, executives are not rewarded when the market is declining because share prices are below the exercise price. However, indexed options can well reward managers in bearish markets as long as the decline in the company’s stock price is less steep than that of his peers. Indexed options reward better performers. 3.3 Reduced Expected Costs Traditional options plans reward employees as long as the share price is higher than the grant price. However, indexed options eliminates the possibility that managers can be compensated for share price movements that are unrelated to what they might have done. Thus it helps a firm to remove or lower undeserved compensations. A study by J. Angel and D. McCabe values that the expense of providing conventional options to executives at the 100 largest NYSE-listed companies is 41 percent more than the expense of providing options that take out market outcomes. The lower expected costs against future earnings of indexed options compared to fixed priced options can only be to the advantage of companies. 4 Case against Indexed Options The advantages of indexed options over fixed price options are flagrant in light of the above. However, the application of indexed options is still rare. They lag behind fixed price options in many ways. 4.1 Unpredictability Unlike indexed options, fixed price options brings predictability and certainty to a transaction due to the fixed exercise price. Through the characteristic of ‘all or nothing’, the manager will exercise, and therefore make money, if and only if the firm’s stock price is above the exercise price. 4.2 Difficulty in Controlling Compensations Budgeting and forecasting business costs are made easier using fixed value plans. They allow for firms to plan and control how much compensation to offer to employees. Retention risk, in particular concerning non- executive staff members, can be largely minimised when compensations are close to that offered by rival companies. Indexed options, on the other hand, can cause large discrepancies in compensations and the loss of key employees. 4.3 Larger Deadweight Costs An indexed option plan has a greater deadweight loss compared to a traditional option plan. This is because, with agency problems, where the interests of owners and managers do not always line up, there is the need to expose the managers to firm-specific risk to encourage a specific type of behaviour. However, this means that they are unable to diversify their portfolios to their full potential, exposing them to both systematic and unsystematic risks while compensating them only for the systematic portion of risk. Consequently, managers will always value their equity-based compensation at less than its market value. 4.4 Tax Treatment So as to obtain favourable tax treatments, a company can grant incentive stock options. However, according to the 1994 US Code, this entails that the option price should be less than the fair market value of the stock at the time such an option is granted. In this case, it implies that the option price be fixed on the grant date. 4.5 Reluctance of Managers Managers are unwilling to accept a compensation plan based on relative performance. This is because in the case of fixed price options, when the stock market performs well, they reap high rewards for stock price performance unrelated to their own efforts. Managers are reluctant to forego the potentially huge rewards conferred by the bull market, especially when they estimate that a downturn is less likely to occur in the stock market. 5 Reasons for Choosing Alternatives of Indexed Options Besides, it should be noted that indexed options are not suitable in all cases. Some reasons are illustrated below and the corresponding alternatives are also suggested. 5.1 Requirements of Firms Compensation systems have the following functions: to compensate managers for completed work, to reduce principal-agent costs by more closely aligning managers interests with those of shareholders, and to retain the manager. Compensation that accomplishes one of these functions successfully may not carry out the other functions of a compensation system as effectively. Stock options, for instance, serve to align incentives. However, a firm where incentive alignment is not that important, would not be keen to use stock or stock options to compensate its managers. It would rather use cash compensation Cash avoids the deadweight costs that accompany any equity-based compensation plan. 5.2 Sensitivity of Payoff Indexed options do not work as expected in practice. Instead, their payoff tends to be highly sensitive to market price movements. As the market increases, the value of the variable-exercise-price option increases too. For example, Lisa Meulbroek of Harvard Business School shows that the estimated value of an option indexed to the SP 500 rises by 15% if that stock index rises by 15%. Clearly, indexing does not even achieve its aim; separating the general market movements from the movements in the value of the option. An alternative design that rewards managers only for performance and not for that is due to overall gains in the market or industry can be considered. Instead of using the firm’s stock as an underlying asset, an alternative design employs a performance benchmarked portfolio. Under this proposed structure, the value of the portfolio changes to reflect the firm’s performance, net of market and industry effects, while the exercise price remains fixed. (Meulbroek, 2001). 6 Empirical Evidence A brief empirical review will determine whether relative performance is compensated in practice. We also explore if indexed options are indeed better than fixed price options. According to Gibbons and Murphy (1990), chief executive officers are compensated upon relative performance. It was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the remunerations of CEOs and the firm performance, but an inverse and significant one with the industry and market performance. On the contrary, Bertrand and Mullainathan (1999) report that CEOs are remunerated for market-wide and industry movements that they perceive as luck. However firms that are better managed reward their CEOs less for such market movements compared to other firms. Sloan (1993)’s also found that CEO compensation depends on earnings so as to help separate market movements from the reward. With regard to the effectiveness of indexed options, in their works titled â€Å"Indexing Executive Compensation Contracts† in 2013, Ingolf Dittmann, Ernst Maug and Oliver G. Spalt gave empirical evidence that indexed options provide incentives at a higher cost than conventional options. 7 Conclusion In light of the above, it is observed that stock options with fixed exercise prices do not properly link managers’ performance to compensation since they relate to absolute and not relative performance reward. Indexed options have higher incentive advantages over the fixed price option since it takes into account the skills of the executives. It is also highlighted that indexed options result in a lower compensation costs than equivalent fixed price options. Nevertheless, the drawbacks and suitability of indexed options should not be ignored either. As a result, a firm is well advised to properly weigh the costs and benefits of indexed options before applying them. 8 References Angel, J. and McCabe, D. (2002). Market-adjusted options for executive compensation. Global Business and Economics Review, 4(1), pp.123. Bebchuk, L. and Fried, J. (2004). Pay without Performance, The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation, Part III: The Decoupling of Pay from Performance. 1st ed. [ebook] Harvard University Press, p.24. Available at: http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/bebchuk/pdfs/Performance-Part3.pdf [Accessed 25 Sep. 2014]. Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan, (1999), Are CEOs Rewarded for Luck? A Test of Performance Filtering, (Princeton University, Mimeograph). Chandra, P. (2007). FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT. 1st ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, pp.947- 949. Dittmann, I., Maug, E. and Spalt, O. (2013). Indexing executive compensation contracts. Review of Financial Studies, 26(12), pp.31823224. Gibbons, R. and Murphy, K. (1990). Relative performance evaluation for chief executive officers, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 43, 30-51 Meulbroek, L. (2000). Executive Compensation Using Relative-Performance-Based Options: Evaluating the Structure and Costs of Indexed Options. SSRN Journal, [online] 01-021. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.281028 [Accessed 21 Sep. 2014]. Mueller, D. (2012). The Oxford handbook of capitalism. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.386. Schnusenberg, O. and McDaniel, W. (2000). HOW TO VALUE INDEXED EXECUTIVE STOCK OPTIONS. Journal of Financial and Strategic Decisions. Sloan, R. (1993). Accounting earnings and top executive compensation. Journal of accounting and Economics, 16(1), pp.55100. Stapledon, G. (2004). THE PAY FOR PERFORMANCE DILEMMA. 1st ed. [ebook] U of Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 83, p.6. Available at: http://www.pay-without-performance.com/Stapledon-Pay-for-Performance-Dilemma .pdf [Accessed 25 Sep. 2014]. Symes, S. (2014). Advantages Disadvantages of a Fixed-Price Contract. [online] Small Business Chron.com. Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-fixedprice-contract-21066.html [Accessed 23 Sep. 2014].

Role of Advertising in Newspapers

The Role of Advertising in Newspapers Revenues from sales of advertising pay for the bulk of the costs of newspaper production. That’s why the reading public pays so little for its newspaper. What is advertising? An advertisement is a message designed to sell the advertiser’s goods or services to prospective buyers. Types of newspaper advertising There are two types of newspaper advertising – display and classified. A display advertisement is a written message, often accompanied by an illustration or photograph, which can be placed in any section of the newspaper.A classified ad refers to those advertisements that are separated into specific classifications and located in one or more sections of the newspaper. Display advertisements There are two types of display ads found in the newspaper – national and local. National advertising usually refers to products that are promoted on a nation-wide basis, such as automobiles and brand-name products or retail cha ins. Local advertising is used to promote local, regional or national products. The ad is written, however, to appear in the local market.When placing a display ad, the advertiser is charged by the amount of space the ad occupies in the newspaper. The price of the space varies with certain factors: †¢Newspaper circulation (the larger the circulation the higher the price charged) †¢Size of ad †¢Use of colour †¢Guaranteed position in newspaper †¢Day the advertisement runs †¢Advertising frequency To attract a reader’s attention and to sell a product, many techniques are used in the creation of a display ad. As a result, these ads are usually professionally prepared in creative services departments of the newspaper, the advertiser or a contracted advertising agency.The physical appearance of an advertisement often determines its attractiveness to the reader. Some aspects considered in ad preparation are: †¢Size of the ad †¢Use of colour â⠂¬ ¢Amount of white space, i. e. , not too crowded †¢Graphics chosen †¢Type style and size of text The information included in an ad can definitely influence its effectiveness in selling a product. Some display ads are purely factual and appeal to reason. Information in these ads usually relates to: †¢Quality of the product †¢Price or value of the product †¢General description of the product Guarantee of the product Other display ads appeal to the emotions of the consumer and may emphasise: †¢Brand loyalty – the advertiser wants you to identify with and continue buying established brands. †¢Conformity – the â€Å"everybody is buying this particular brand or item† approach. †¢Hero worship – endorsement of a product by a personality in entertainment or sports. †¢Status – an appeal to the buyer’s ego. †¢Humour – entertaining, but deceptive; says little about the product. †¢Personal a ttractiveness – a wishful-thinking ad appealing to a particular feminine/masculine image. Style changes – the buyer is asked to keep up with the times. †¢Vanity – this kind of ad appeals to the buyer’s self image or ego-gratification where the buyer’s happiness comes first. †¢Economy – everyone likes to think he or she can economise while spending. †¢Luxury – symbols of wealth and excess. †¢Convenience – work and time-saving devices. †¢Lifestyle – the advertisement associates a certain lifestyle with a product. †¢Security – this covers many kinds of security: emotional, personal, financial, etc. †¢Sex – the ad uses the lure of sex appeal.It is similar to the appeals of feminine and masculine attractiveness. Keep in mind that more than one appeal may be found in the same ad. Classified ads Classified ads are not written by creative service departments, but by individuals wi shing to advertise goods and services available or needed. When placing a classified ad, advertisers are usually charged by the line. As a result, classified ads are brief. The price varies with the number of insertions desired and the particular days chosen. For example, the unit cost of an ad may decrease if it is run all week.On the other hand, a premium could be added to the cost if a high circulation day is chosen, such as Saturday. In some cities and towns different days are popular for certain types of ads. In your area, for example, Saturday may be a heavy real estate day, while Monday may be popular for car and truck ads. Placing a classified ad is very simple. One dials the classified advertising department of the newspaper and a trained operator assists in the placing of the ad. The operator will also help in the writing of the ad and in the selection of insertion dates.The process can also be done on-line. The classified ad section is organised to assist readers in locat ing relevant information. Many classified ad readers have specific goals in mind, rather than casual browsing. The classified ads – as their name implies – are grouped together according to product or service type. An overall index conveniently directs readers to each specific category, within which listings are arranged alphabetically. A newspaper is any printed periodical or work containing public news or comments on public news.Each newspaper tries to win the heart and loyalty of its readers through news and views, articles, pictures, poems, cartoons, editorials, presentation techniques and exclusive stories and news items. It censures the corrupt and the erring. It airs public grievances sad reflects public opinion through letters to the press. Napoleon feared four hostile newspapers more than a thousand bayonets. According to him â€Å"a newspaper is a grumbler, & censurer, a giver of advice, a regent of sovereigns, a tutor of nations. ‘ Gopal Krishna Gokha le considered the newspapers to be the rousers and the sentinels of the voice of people. In India newspapers have a vital role to play and an important duty to perform, both as ‘vox populi' (voice of the people) and as builder of public opinion. In this sense, it is the ‘people's university'—book, pulpit, platform, forum, theatre and counselor, all in one. There is no interest—literary, social, political, religious, commercial, economic, scientific, technological, agricultural, mechanical, cultural, histrionic and so on and so forth—which is not covered â€Å"by the news-paper.There, a vast majority of the people in this country are still illiterate or at least unenlightened, even among the literate persons, about two-thirds do not read newspaper regularly. The Indian masses lack intellectual capacity and comprehension required in reading a newspaper. Approximately 17 percent of people read newspapers and out these dot even half of the people read e ditorials, comments or serious initial articles. The rest content themselves by reading the headlines or the topical news.Young men read sports news and film reviews, the businessmen confine themselves to market reports about shares, stocks and the prices of gold, silver and essential commodi ¬ties. Only old, retired people pour over the newspaper from end to end, and that too because they have no other pastime to pass time. This shows that the number of those who have genuine interest in newspapers is very low. But it is these people—national and state leaders, teachers, lawyers, philosophers, academicians, technocrats and bureaucrats—who form the intellectual and intelligent section of the Indian society.They speak for the common people and voice their grievances against mismanagement of public affairs. They serve as a link between the rulers and the rated, the government and the people and complete the chain of action and reaction. The newspapers in India perform their pole as guardians of the public interest, watch-dogs and a source of all kinds of informa ¬tion. They are not State-controlled, as in U. S. S. R. and Pakistan, they enjoy freedom of expression. Of course, they must function within the bounds of law. They must not infringe the law regarding libel and deformation, otherwise they would be liable to penal action.Even the restricted freedom of the Indian newspapers it the envy of the journalists in other countries of Asia where there has been a prolonged spell of military dictatorship, autocratic rule or emergency. In India, the newspapers keep a powerful check on the mis ¬deeds, the tyranny and this, corrupt practices of the government. Thomas Jefferson paid rich tributes to this function of the newspaper when he said, â€Å"Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. However, all newspapers do not play a positive end construc ¬tive role expected of them. There is a section of newspapers in India, which indulges in blackmail, extortion of money and distor ¬tion of facts and news. This yellow journalism is despicable. Such newspapers violate all ethical standards and adopt a purely merce ¬nary and anti-national attitude. This is sub-standard and base Journalism. They should be treated like smugglers, black-marketers and drug-pedlars and antisocial elements and should be dealt with an iron-hand. What Jefferson said about newspapers in America applies to newspapers in India also. ‘I Chapter, truth; II Chapter, probabilities; third, possibilities; fourth, lies; fifth, blatant lies; and the first chapter is the shortest,† Most of the country's leading newspapers are owned or domi ¬nated by big industrial houses and capitalists—Birja, Dalmia, Express group, As a result, the interests of the general public are often sacri ¬ficed at the altar of capitalis m and business interests. Moreover, the lion's share of the total circulation of newspapers, a little above 5crore, belongs to the bigger dailies published from Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, the metropolitan towns.The national dailies enjoy a great deal of influence and command huge resources. But the smaller newspapers, that are published in the regional languages and that have a smaller circulation, have to face perpetual financial crisis and are often forced to close down. This belies the Govern ¬ment policy of patronizing smaller newspapers and imposing rest ¬raints in bigger newspapers. In several countries abroad, especially in the West, newspapers have power to make and break governments; but in India news ¬papers do not carry much weight and do not cut much ice.The Government does not pay much heed to their views and does not respond to their criticism for the simple reason that it commands a colossal majority in the Parliament. Gloating over absolute majority, t he Government even tries to shifle free press (as has several times been done in the case of the Indian Express group of papers). One common method of pressurising newspapers that the Central or State Governments in India adopt is to stop giving adver ¬tisements and notifications released by the Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (D. A. V. P. , Government departments and public sector enterprises; to such newspapers as do not cringe and adopt a fawning attitude and thus made them suffer financially. Advertisements are sometimes used as a weapon to corapell complia ¬nce, for it would be impossible for a newspaper to survive without advertisements, the prop and the life-blood of all journalism. A num ¬ber of such cases have been taken up in the Press Council of India and have been commented upon. Another method is that of stopp ¬ing or substantially cutting down the supply of newsprint paper quota to such ‘dare-devil' newspapers.Newspapers in this renaissanc e country should regard their pro ¬fession as a noble mission of educating and enlightening people. They should impose certain moral and national restraints and discipline upon themselves. They should refrain from indulging Its rumors and turning out biased information and distorted truths from ulte ¬rior motives. As purveyors of news and views, they should play the rote of ‘people's university' and serve the motherland as guardians and custodians of people's liberty.

Aggression And Its Effects On Schools - 1431 Words

Aggression in Schools Aggression remains a behavior between people from the same species that is aimed at causing harm or pain and is considered an initiator of violence. According to sources, there is an increase of violent acts in schools with the troubled students needing a habilitative service as compared to punishments (Dailey, Frey, Walker, 2015). It is essential to consider the fact that aggressive behaviors do not develop over a short period, thus its eradication as well would not be undertaken in a short time. It is critical to note that teachers remain wholly responsible for the developing and modeling of aggressive behaviors among students that occurs either positively or negatively (Dailey, et.al). Aggressive students are†¦show more content†¦These functions are mainly influenced by power and control, self-gratification, the pursuit of attention and escape. The primary purpose of aggressive behavior is to inflict, injure or gain something from an aggressor, a factor that apparently determines the need to find solutions into this vice. Farrell, Henry, Mays, Schoeny (2011) give the variable between instrumental and hostile aggression. In his literature, he alleges that the instrumental aggressions are the actions that are aimed at enforcing an extraneous reward rather than the suffering of an individual. An instance of this can be determined by a student who steals football boots from another student’s bag. On the other hand, hostile aggression infers to the actions that are committed to producing injurious outcomes through an approach aimed at gaining resources, power and status within a school environment. Aggressive behaviors range from verbal, nonverbal or physical acts that are aimed at causing a direct or indirect injury to a student with the aggressor seeking to gain from such conduct. A student’s body language may also depict an aggressive behavior in a manner that clearly depicts the element of anger, frustration, rage, humiliation among other feelings that warrant their aggressive behaviors (Farrell, et.al). An instance where a student shows a verbal behavior is always demonstrated

I Remember An Exchange Between Two Board Members Essay

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